Recognizing Key Warning Signs
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by the presence of a high number of eosinophils—a type of white blood cell—in the esophagus. This accumulation, not normally found in the esophagus, leads to inflammation and damage to the esophageal tissue. In this article, we will explore the warning signs of EoE, foods that should be avoided and the treatment options available.
Warning Signs of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
The symptoms of EoE can vary from one individual to another and can also overlap with symptoms of other common digestive disorders, like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Here are the main signs and symptoms associated with EoE.
1. Difficulty Swallowing (Dysphagia)
Dysphagia is often one of the predominant symptoms of EoE. Adults and older children frequently report a sensation of food sticking in the throat or chest. This feeling is not just uncomfortable; it can be frightening and can interfere significantly with eating.
2. Food Getting Stuck in the Esophagus (Food Impaction)
In more severe cases of EoE, the inflammation and scarring can lead to esophageal narrowing, causing food to become lodged. This requires immediate medical attention, as it can completely obstruct the esophagus, necessitating an endoscopic procedure to remove the food bolus.
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3. Chest Pain
EoE can cause pain located in the chest, which may be mistaken for heartburn or even heart pain. This chest pain can be persistent and concerning to the individual experiencing it.
4. Regurgitation
Some individuals with EoE may experience regurgitation of undigested food, which can be both unpleasant and potentially dangerous if it occurs during sleep.
5. Abdominal Pain
Ongoing inflammation in the esophagus can manifest as a dull or sharp pain in the abdomen, often leading to discomfort and sometimes confusion with other gastrointestinal disorders.
6. Vomiting
Vomiting can occur in EoE, often as a result of the body's reaction to the inability to properly process and transport food through the esophagus.
What is Eosinophilic Esophagitis and What Causes It?
EoE is driven by an immune response to allergens and it is believed to be predominantly triggered by certain foods. The exact cause is multifactorial, combining genetic, environmental and immune system factors. Food proteins are thought to be the primary allergens in most instances, but airborne allergens can also play a role. There's a higher incidence of EoE in people with a family history of the disease or those who have other allergic conditions, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis or allergic rhinitis.
Foods to Avoid with Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Diet plays a pivotal role in the management of EoE. The elimination diet, where common allergens are avoided, is effective in relieving symptoms. Here are some common foods that may need to be avoided.
1. Milk
Milk is one of the top allergens associated with EoE. Many patients exhibit improvement upon eliminating dairy from their diet.
2. Wheat
Another common trigger is wheat or gluten-containing products, so these are often removed from the diet to help manage symptoms.
3. Soy
Like milk and wheat, soy can also be an allergen for individuals with EoE and is frequently cut out of diets for symptom management.
4. Eggs
Eggs are a well-known allergen that may need to be avoided by individuals with EoE.
5. Peanuts and Tree Nuts
Nuts are another category of allergens that can provoke an EoE response, thus eliminating them may help reduce inflammation.
6. Fish and Shellfish
Fish and shellfish can trigger allergic reactions, including EoE, and may be removed from the diet as part of EoE management.
Treatments for Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Treating EoE typically involves a combination of dietary management, medication and procedures to help alleviate and control symptoms. The following are standard treatments for EoE.
- Elimination diets: These specialized diets help identify food triggers. Elimination diets are best managed by a dietitian or healthcare provider experienced in the dietary management of EoE to ensure nutritional adequacy.
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): While traditionally used to treat GERD, PPIs are effective in some cases of EoE by reducing the acid and inflammation in the esophagus.
- Steroids: Topical corticosteroids are frequently prescribed to reduce inflammation of the esophagus. They are often swallowed rather than inhaled to ensure the medication coats the esophageal lining.
- Monoclonal antibodies: Emerging therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, target the immune response that leads to inflammation in EoE.
- Esophageal dilation: In cases where the esophagus has narrowed significantly due to scarring, an endoscopic procedure called dilation may be performed. It gently stretches the esophagus to allow easier passage of food.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Explained
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a complex disease whose symptoms can severely impact an individual's quality of life. Recognizing the warning signs and seeking prompt medical attention is vital for diagnosing and effectively managing EoE. It is advisable for individuals with symptoms suggestive of EoE to consult with a gastroenterologist or an allergist for an accurate diagnosis and personalized management plan.
